The Industrial Revolution Essay - 2099 Words

The Industrial Revolution was one of the largest social and cultural movements that changed the methods of manufacturing of metal and textiles, the transportation system, economic policies and social structure as well. Before the Industrial Revolution, people used to live by season due to agriculture. They thrived on whatever food was in season. Now, as a result of the Industrial Revolution, we live regimented and almost everything that is made, is mass produced. I will discuss three major topics of the Industrial Revolution including the three reasons why Britain was the originator of the revolution which are the population boom, canal boom, and the policies of British Parliament. I will also discuss the cottage industry which led to the energy crisis and the third topic, the invention of steam engine which ultimately solved the energy crisis and led to the iron industry, the impacts it had on business, society, and living, and finally, the downside to the whole revolution. The Industrial Revolution originated in Britain. There were three main factors that laid the groundwork for the revolution; the population boom, the canal boom and the policies of British Parliament. During the 1500s, potatoes started showing up. After years of skepticism, people decided to try this new product. In the 1600s, people realized that the potatoes were good to eat and could be used for many purposes, so farmers decided to grow potatoes on larger pieces of land which created more food soShow MoreRelatedIndustrial Of The Industrial Revolution1666 Words   |  7 PagesMartinez English IV, 1st hour 4/29/16 The Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution set people away from farms and small villages and moved them to cities and towns because of the job opportunities that arose in the cities. The Industrial Revolution not only helped people move along in the late 1700s and early 1800s but also it has made the people what they are today. During the Industrial Revolution, the movement from an agrarian society to an industrial one reshaped the roles of families, widenRead MoreThe Revolution Of The Industrial Revolution917 Words   |  4 PagesWhen thinking of the industrial revolution, I usually correlate this transitional period to great advancements in machinery, and an increase in jobs. However, after looking past the surface of the industrial revolution, in regards to the promise of great wealth, this promise was not kept, along with other issues. I believe that a â€Å"better life† would mean that people would not have to go through the same struggles they once did before the revolution, struggles such as not having a job, money, homeRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution943 Words   |  4 PagesThe Industrial Revolution, a Revolution that began in Britain in the nineteenth century, saw people move from working in the farming industry to working in factories. This transition from an agrarian society meant that many people moved to cities in search of jobs. New methods of manufacturing allowed goods to be produced far more cheaply and quickly than before. However, the Revolution came with its own negative consequences. The lives of children during the Industrial Revolution were torturousRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution1633 Words   |  7 Pagesmeans of communication, factories to manufacture the products you need, places to work, and ways to travel and transport goods. And what made these possible? The answer is the Industrial Revolution, which started in Europe around the year 1730. A revolution is a major change or turning point in something. The Industrial Revolution was a major turning point in history and in the way people lived. Their careers, living situations, location, values, and daily routines all changed, and they needed it desperatelyRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution1097 Words   |  5 PagesBefore the advent of the Industrial Revolution, most people resided in small, rural communities where their daily existences revolved around farming. Life for the average person was difficult, as incomes were meager, and malnourishment and disease were common. People produced the bulk of their own food, clothing, furniture and tools. Most manufacturing was done in homes or small, rural shops, using hand tools or simple machines. Did You Know? The word luddite refers to a person who is opposedRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution1090 Words   |  5 PagesShort Term Misery†¦ Long Term Gain There are two major industrializations that have occurred through out history, both which began in England. The Industrial Revolution was from 1750 until 1800. The first and second industrialization were filled with many inventions, new societal ideas, new raw materials, new sources of power, also new ideas and societal implements were made enabling the world and society to evolve. Overall these industrialization was filled with death, neglect, and disease but endedRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution936 Words   |  4 Pageseconomist Robert Emerson Lucas wrote in regards to the Industrial revolution: For the first time in history, the living standards of the masses of ordinary people have begun to undergo sustained growth. The novelty of the discovery that a human society has this potential for generating sustained improvement in the material aspects of the lives of all its members, not just the ruling elite, cannot be overstressed.† (Lucas 2002). The revolution itself was ce ntred in Britain before spreading to theRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution705 Words   |  3 PagesThe Industrial Revolution was the quintessence of capitalistic ideals; it bred controversy that led to Karl Marx’s idea of communism as a massive grass roots reaction to the revolution’s social abuses. Firstly, the Industrial Revolution featured the construction of machines, systems and factories that allowed goods to be manufactured at a faster rate with a lower cost. The seed drill made it so there could be â€Å"a semi-automated, controlled distribution and plantation of wheat seed†(Jones 2013). SecondlyRead MoreIndustrial Revolution1160 Words   |  5 Pagesend of the 19th century, a significant change took place in the fundamental structure of the economy. That change was industrialization. During this time period, the United States of America changed from a large, agricultural country, to an urban industrial society. The process of industrialization began to take place in America, and eventually took over the economy during this period. Entrepreneurs and inventors put together various machines and businesses to help better the country function on aRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution2418 Words   |  10 PagesThe Industrial Revolution became a defining transitional period in United States history. The Industrial Revolution created opportunities for society through, employment, higher pay and allowed for the meeting of many cultures. As a result of high employment opportunities, people flocked to the North and populated areas of the nation creating urban cities. Urban cities of the nation have not changed much since the Industrial Revolution; people are still drawn to the urban culture because of the variety

Is The American Dream Attainable - 976 Words

Just a Bad Day, Not a Bad Life As citizens of America, we all work towards acquiring one thing: The American Dream. The American Dream is something that most citizens of America try their hardest to attain at least some point in their life time. This dream may include but is not limited to, wanting to reach a certain social class, having a safe country with strong military forces, and also wanting to â€Å"fit in†, or to find his or her’s place in life. Also, this dream may or may not look similar to the American dream you want to inquire. While most of us desire to attain most of the things listed above, some of us always dream of having a nation where the color of your skin and social standards do not define who you are as a person. However, while citizens may want these things, not all of America may agree with each other. A question that has merged into our minds is, â€Å" is the American dream attainable?† As most of you know, life is hard, actually extremely hard. As people of America each and every one of us has some sort of image of what we view â€Å"the American dream† as. One of which, is the amount of minimum wage that a person at McDonalds or even Kroger is making. This is a subject that has most Americans have been on edge about. Currently, our minimum wage is 7.25$. In the eyes of a newly employed sixteen year old having the opportunity to make his or her own money is greater than making no money at all. The sixteen year old is a newly worker, any money that is handed toShow MoreRelatedThe American Dream Truly Attainable For Everyone2601 Words   |  11 Pagesthe country where social and economic equality are supposedly attainable for one and all, is not always infallible. There have been many blunders along the way with racism and incompetence. Is the American Dream truly attainable for everyone? Picture the 1940’s America. A tight knit Japanese American famil y living on the west coast, is going about their business, making a living and trying to achieve their version of the American Dream. While the parents are immigrants from Japan, the children wereRead MoreThe Importance Of The American Dream1057 Words   |  5 Pagestoday don’t believe that the American dream is alive. Fifty-nine percent of those polled in June agreed that â€Å"the American dream has become impossible for most people to achieve. More and more Americans believe there is â€Å"not much opportunity† to get ahead†(Alternet). Many adults of the middle and lower classes American population no longer the American dream is no longer attainable because most if not all of the key elements of the American dream are no longer attainable. With financial inequalityRead MoreThe American Dream : A Toxic Fantasy910 Words   |  4 Pages The American dream is full of promises and aspirations, that every American someday shall have opportunities and potential to attain self-actualization. To make this has not been the case owing to the challenges brought about income inequalities, jobless and capitalistic ideologies that pose active and reactive forces on men and women of the lower cadre. The American dream gives men the hope that one day they shall own a decent home, live an ample neighborhood, save income money for golden yearsRead MoreLiving The American Dream Through The Ages993 Words   |  4 Pages Living the American Dream through the Ages Life is changing everyday, America’s question today is if the American Dream is attainable or not. The answer to this question is yes, it is attainable. With evolution, the American dream has been modified throughout the years. It is defined as â€Å"the idea that the American way of life offers the possibility of unlimited economic, social, etc success to every individual† (The Chambers Dictionary). Many people called the American Dream, the â€Å"good life†. StartingRead MoreThe American Dream And The Roaring Twenties1336 Words   |  6 PagesEric Rogers Mrs. Goebel English 11 9 March 2016 The American Dream and the Roaring Twenties The 1920’s was knows as the Roaring Twenties or the Jazz Age because of all the dramatic political and social change, more people lived in cities rather than farms, and the nation’s wealth doubled between 1920 and 1929. There were many new technological innovations and many factors that made the United States the place to be to find the â€Å"American Dream†. The 1920’s were known as the Roaring Twenties or TheRead MoreEssay on The American Dream1459 Words   |  6 PagesThe American Dream in Death of a Salesman, The Great Gatsby, and Maggie: A Girl of the Streets Millions of immigrants come to America each year to seek their American Dream. Many people believe that rising social mobility and succes s is possibleRead MoreThe American Dream By F. Scott Fitzgerald1134 Words   |  5 Pagescenturies, the interpretation and perception of the American Dream has changed considerably and frequently. From the vision of individual betterment in 1774, to African-American civil rights in 1963, the American Dream has and will continue to alter, as the country evolves. However, the basis of the American Dream has remained the same, with the set of ideals being democracy, rights, liberty, opportunity and equality. In addition to the ideals, the Dream is believed to be, that anyone has the abilityRead MoreThe American Dream823 Words   |  4 Pageswhat the American Dream is and what it takes to make it a reality. The most common and the most accurate idea of the American Dream is for all to have the opportunity to have a chance at living a nice life. This includes all immigrants and anyone else who seems to lack better opportunities often. The American Dream is the belief that anyone, regar dless of race, class, gender, or nationality, can be successful in America (read:rich) if they just work hard enough (Wulick). The American Dream is alsoRead MoreNickel And Dimed, By Barbara Ehrenreich1636 Words   |  7 PagesThe concept of the American Dream has borne change since its conception in 1776, with the Declaration of Independence referencing men’s unalienable rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. Its definition to the American people and its attainability is conditional upon the period it is prevalent in. In general, the American Dream refers to the idea that every American has the equality, freedom, and opportunity to strive. Many classic pieces of American Literature highlight this conceptRead More Time1677 Words   |  7 Pagessimple, as pure, and as vulnerable as a dream stand against the slow but steady stream of time, that beats like particles of sand against the bottom of an hourglass? For a dream to continue to nourish the minds of the masses generation after generation, it must adapt--change to better fit the new circumstances that a change in time invariably evokes. But as a dream changes, is it as pure, as innocent, and as high-minded as it once was? Could the American dream, which has hereto defined the very spirit

Juvenile Recidivism - 3788 Words

Juvenile Recidivism Karen G Liberty University Abstract Recidivism is when someone returns to the same behavior that they were previously doing (Unruh, Gau, amp; Waintrup, 2009). There are many factors that raise the risk of juvenile recidivism such as single parenting, and even when the parents become involved in drug use. When juveniles become high risk for recidivism it is important that the adults whether it be the parents, teachers or any adult in authority step in to help the juvenile to make better choices. By an adult taking an interest in the child it can prevent them from falling into a group that becomes high risk. From 1984 through 1997 a 71% there was a rise in crimes committed by juveniles that were also violent offences†¦show more content†¦16). When a mother is an active state of drug addiction it puts her child at a higher risk of psychological problems. A study has shown that the children don’t get medical treatment for the first two years of their lives, which is only the start of the maltreatment that t hey suffer (Callaghan, Crimmins, amp; Schweitzer, 2010, p. 223). Suchman (2010), states that â€Å"Parenting problems observed during the children’s first three years of life include poor attachment, responsiveness, adaptability, and structure juxtaposed with heightened physical activity, provocation, and intrusiveness (p. 483). What the child gets or the lack thereof can be from the mothers own problems from her childhood (Suchman, 2010, p. 484). When these mothers had poor parents themselves it gives them a distorted view of how parenting should be. This many times can lead to the mothers abusiveness and neglect for her own child plus the use of drugs on the mothers part (2010, p. 485). Poverty can play a role in problems that children can face. The lacks of medical attention, poor academic success, along with psychological difficulties are some of the challenges that these children face. The contributing factors that they face are drug use, criminal behavior, and not doin g well academically. When these youth are constantly exposed to such unstable behaviors, it plays a vital role in the outcome of their own lives thatShow MoreRelatedThe Recidivism Area On Juvenile Delinquency1670 Words   |  7 PagesIn order to conduct research in the recidivism area, the use of secondary data will be used as an appropriate method for analysis. This analysis consists of measuring traditional penal sanctions such as incarceration versus alternative ways such as a rehabilitation treatment to deal with juvenile delinquency and investigate how it affects recidivism rates. The primary attention for this research proposal purpose is to rely only on juvenile delinquency data as the necessary specific information isRead MoreJuvenile Recidivism and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy600 Words   |  3 PagesJuvenile Recidivism and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (Participant Information Sheet and Consent Form)-Appendix B As part of the requirements for a degree in Criminal Justice at the State University of New York at Buffalo, I have to conduct a research study. This research looks at the effects of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy on recidivism rates. Prison recidivism rates continue to be a problem in the United States. Just within the first 3 years of release from prison, it is estimated that moreRead MoreThe Effects Of Restorative Justice On Juvenile Recidivism1407 Words   |  6 Pageson the effects of restorative justice on juvenile recidivism range from meta-analyses of multiple studies to individual program studies. According to Bradshaw and Roseborough (2005), â€Å"The use of meta-analytic methods provides a useful means for summarizing diverse research findings across restorative justice studies and synthesizing these findings in an objective manner.† (p. 19). Four meta-analytic studies reveal an overall reduction in juvenile recidivism (Bradshaw and Roseborough 2005; BradshawRead MoreEssay about Juvenile Recidivism3185 Words   |  13 PagesIntroduction: Recidivism or, habitual relapses into crime, has time and time again proven to be an issue among delinquents, which thereby increases the overall juvenile pri son population. This issue has become more prevalent than what we realize. Unless a unit for measuring a juvenile’s risk of recidivism is enacted and used to determine a system to promote effective prevention, than the juvenile prison population will continue to increase. Our court system should not only focus on punishing theRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency And The Recidivism Rate2469 Words   |  10 Pages Juvenile Delinquency and the Recidivism Rate Nathaniel L. Rogers CJ 3090 Dr. Morrison November 24, 2014 Juvenile Delinquency and the Recidivism Rate Juvenile Delinquency seems to always find itself on the front pages of newspapers. The juvenile delinquency rate is very high in America, today. According to Seigel and Welsh (2014) juvenile delinquency is defined as the participation in illegal behavior by a minor who falls under the statutory age limit (p. 648). TheRead MoreMentoring Program to Reduce Juvenile Recidivism4170 Words   |  17 Pageswere placed under rehabilitation centers reconnect to community and avoid recidivism is to provide them education and employment opportunities upon release. It is in this area where mentoring programs to achieve this goal are gaining popularity, the authors said (p.20). The purpose of this paper is to survey the literature that tackles mentoring the youth at risk of re-offending, particularly those included in the juvenile justice system. Mentoring is an intervention program which aims to createRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency And The Recidivism Rate2261 Words   |  10 PagesJuvenile Delinquency and the Recidivism Rate Juvenile Delinquency seems to always find itself on the front pages of newspapers. The juvenile delinquency rate is very high in America, today. According to Seigel and Welsh (2014) juvenile delinquency is defined as the participation in illegal behavior by a minor who falls under the statutory age limit (p. 648). The statutory age limit varies in different states. For example, a juvenile might be considered an adult in different state for variousRead MoreJuvenile Justice System And Ideas For Deter Recidivism2131 Words   |  9 Pages Juvenile Justice System and Ideas to deter Recidivism Unit 3 Assignment 1 Ann-Marie Cameron Capella University Dr. O’Conner April 30, 2015 Introduction Within the Juvenile system no one really takes the time to systematically track the statistics concerning the changes that need to be made within the system to deter juvenile offenders. The system tends to move slowly when it involves change because it can be costly. So, with many budget cuts happening we will need to tackle theRead MoreEvaluation Of Robinson s Juvenile Recidivism Prevention Center3541 Words   |  15 PagesABSTRACT According to the Office of Juvenile Justice and delinquency prevention, mentoring is a valuable method to avert at-risk juvenile from involvement in delinquency and also to facilitate already delinquent ones to transform their lives for the better. Evaluation is useful in assuring that the mentoring program is working as intended and to establish whether the program is meeting its goals and objectives. Without conducting an actual evaluation, program teams sometimes draw on findings thatRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency And Recidivism Are A Major Problem Within Our Country Today Essay1514 Words   |  7 Pages Juvenile delinquency and recidivism are a major problem within our country today. There are a number of programs out there that provide treatment for issues such as drug addiction and abuse. There are other programs that provide help for gang involvement, provide help to female offenders, provide help with family counseling, and for mental health issues. There are still others tha t help with community outreach and help with parenting and helping the family dynamic. Providing effective treatment

Case Study Analysis of Volkswagen - Free Assignment Sample

Question: Discuss about theCase Study Analysis Of Volkswagen. Answer: Possible Accounting Issues Faced by Volkswagen: The engine related scandal in relation of Volkswagen (VW) has major impacts on the accounting and financial reporting of the company. Accounting issues refer to the problems faced by a company in respect of its accounting practices that can even be highlighted in the auditors statement (Cucchiella et al. 2015). The engine scandal that came into light about VW has resulted in allocation of additional costs by the company to deal with the legal claims made by EPA. This allocation of additional funds requires separate accounting treatment by the company. Here, it is vital to understand if the company needs to show this additional costs in the income statement as a loss from business operations or in the form of administrative expenses or operational expenses. However, if the amounts are shown as an administrative or operational expenses then question can be raised as these payments are not recurring in nature. Similarly, unless the allocated expenses results in the outflow of cash it wo uld not be shown in the cash flow statement (Kothari and Lester, 2012). In addition, allocation of such funds needs to be spread over the entire period proportionately in which it is used. Other accounting issues could involve provision for doubtful debts on debtors because the spread of the information in the market might make dealers of VW hesitant to make payment due to high chances of poor sales in the coming years (El Kasmioui and Ceulemans, 2013). Other issues include probable high inventory level due to product recall. All these aspects might actually affect the profitability and financial position of VW. Adherence to International Financial Regulatory Standards (IFRS) could become difficult as well (Zhuang and Luo, 2015). This can be explained by the complexities involving the nature of transactions indulged in by VW as a result of the scandal affecting it for the past couple of years. Impact of the Scandal on Stakeholders: Stakeholders refer to the parties holding certain interests and powers in a particular company (Wang, 2014). A company operates with the cooperation of all these stakeholders. Therefore, it is the responsibility of a company meet the expectations of stakeholders. In current scenario, the major stakeholders of VW are shareholders, creditors, suppliers, employees and customers. These stakeholders are affected by the decision making of VW and the scandal taken place recently. On the other hand, Joshi et al. (2013) mentioned that analyzing the impact of a decision on the stakeholders is the best way of ensuring that the stakeholders can be satisfied. Focus on short-term gains seems to be the main factor behind VW engaging in providing unethical software in engines to pass environmental tests in a fraudulent manner. On the other hand, the strategy of the company to recall a large number of vehicles seems to be following Toyotas strategy earlier. On the other hand, VW seems to be regaining the trust of the customers and show that it cares for the customers and other stakeholders. The impact of the scandal on each of the above mentioned stakeholders are discussed here. Shareholders are those people who have invested money in a company to get suitable returns from there. Shareholders provide the required capital to a company. Thus, no need to say that the shareholders of a company holds immense power and strong interest in a company because the decision making of a company impacts the wealth of shareholders. Shareholders are mainly concerned with Earnings per Share (EPS), dividend payouts and others. The scandal of VW and actions taken by the company has badly affected its financial performance which would further have a negative impact on the shareholders. On the other hand, creditors are the providers of debt capital to a company. As mentioned by Doucette et al. (2012), creditors expect timely payment, bulk orders and long-term business contracts with firms. However, in the current scenario, the operations and financial position of VW has experienced a setbac k through additional costs to deal with the scandal and recall of a large number of vehicles. This might lower the purchase requirements of the company which would affect the suppliers. Similarly, weak cash flow position of VW can result in increase in the payment period to creditors (Stubbs et al. 2013). Good quality products is the principle expectation of customers and that customers hold considerable power to VW as customers are the source of direct revenue generation. In present context, VW has failed to keep with the trust of the customers. This can also cause customers to switch over to other brands. Thus, the customers of VW have been badly affected by the software related manipulation in the VW cars. In the view of Kraft (2014), no company can think of delivering excellent services to the customers without considering the employees as workforce is one of the greatest resource to any organization. Good salary increment, bonuses and job promotion are some of the common expect ations of employees. The employees of VW have also been badly affected by the scandal and decision taken by the company as the same might have a negative impact on their performance appraisal. There are various theories that might be applicable to VW considering the given scenario. The major theories are stakeholder theory, RBV theory and process theory. Stakeholder theory deals with the problems that an organization faces in respect of managing its stakeholders. Stakeholder theory suggest that it is one of the principle responsibilities of an organization to meet the expectations of the stakeholders (Palea and Maino, 2013). However, an organization may also face certain challenges in this regard, agency conflict being the most common one. Resource Based View (RBV) theory deals with the resources or assets held by an organization. RBV theory states that an organization needs to identify its most valuable assets and work on using the same to increase its competitive advantage over the rivals in the market. As per the RBV theory, organizations need to conduct Valuable Rare Inimitable and Non-substitutable (VRIN) analysis to identify assets which are increasing its competitiv e advantage over the rivals (Rensburg and Botha, 2014). An organization should hold only those assets and dispose-off the ones which does not meet any criteria. On the other hand, process theory could be yet another interesting theory in context of the scandal of VW. Process theory of management lays stress on the decision making process rather than the decision itself. As mentioned by Peters (2009), process theory holds that if the decision making process is appropriate then the concerned decision would also be appropriate. This theory could help in understanding and evaluating the decision making process of VW in regards to the scandal. However, after discussing the above theories, the stakeholder theory seems to be most appropriate to the current situation as the same could help VW in managing the different needs, perceptions and interests of various stakeholders. This can also be justified by the fact that VW is facing good will risk, loss of reputation, fall in brand equity and similar other issues as a result of the scandal. Therefore, stakeholder theory could help the company in resolving the issues currently faced by it. In addition, application of stakeholder theory could also help the organization in addressing the concerns of its stakeholders and regain the confidence of the stakeholders on the company. As per the accounting theories, VW can show the additional costs incurred in connection with dealing the scandal over a long period of time. This could help in protecting the company from serious losses in the current years which could be tough to recover in future. Spreading the costs over couple of years would reduce the burden on profit margin of the company. On the other hand, there is a strong chance that the EPA might impose some high penalties on the company. This needs due consideration as per the doctrine of conservatism which suggests that a company should not recognize anticipated profits but should account for anticipated losses. Hence, it is advisable for VW to create a provision against potential penalties that might be charged by the EPA. Creating such fund could help the company in saving the cash flow position in the year in which such penalties are made. Reference List: Cucchiella, F., DAdamo, I. and Gastaldi, M., 2015. Financial analysis for investment and policy decisions in the renewable energy sector.Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy,17(4), pp. 887-904. Doucette, W.R., McDonough, R.P., Mormann, M.M., Vaschevici, R., Urmie, J.M. and Patterson, B.J., 2012. Three-year financial analysis of pharmacy services at an independent community pharmacy.Journal of the American Pharmacists Association,52(2), pp. 181-187. El Kasmioui, O. and Ceulemans, R., 2013. Financial analysis of the cultivation of short rotation woody crops for bioenergy in Belgium: barriers and opportunities.BioEnergy Research,6(1), pp. 336-350. Joshi, M., Cahill, D., Sidhu, J. and Kansal, M., 2013. Intellectual capital and financial performance: an evaluation of the Australian financial sector.Journal of intellectual capital,14(2), pp.264-285. Kothari, S.P. and Lester, R., 2012. The role of accounting in the financial crisis: Lessons for the future.Accounting Horizons,26(2), pp.335-351. Kraft, P., 2014. Rating agency adjustments to GAAP financial statements and their effect on ratings and credit spreads.The Accounting Review,90(2), pp.641-674. Palea, V. and Maino, R., 2013. Private equity fair value measurement: a critical perspective on IFRS 13.Australian Accounting Review,23(3), pp.264-278. Peters, G., 2009. Fixing the financial system.Business Strategy Review, 20(3), pp. 12-17. Rensburg, R. and Botha, E., 2014. Is Integrated Reporting the silver bullet of financial communication? A stakeholder perspective from South Africa.Public Relations Review,40(2), pp.144-152. Stubbs, W., Higgins, C. and Milne, M., 2013. Why do companies not produce sustainability reports?.Business strategy and the environment,22(7), pp.456-470. Wang, C., 2014. Accounting standards harmonization and financial statement comparability: Evidence from transnational information transfer.Journal of Accounting Research,52(4), pp.955-992. Zhuang, X. and Luo, Y., 2015. Relevance between the degree of industrial competition and fair value information: Study on the listed companies in China.Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management,8(3), p.894.