Juvenile Recidivism - 3788 Words

Juvenile Recidivism Karen G Liberty University Abstract Recidivism is when someone returns to the same behavior that they were previously doing (Unruh, Gau, amp; Waintrup, 2009). There are many factors that raise the risk of juvenile recidivism such as single parenting, and even when the parents become involved in drug use. When juveniles become high risk for recidivism it is important that the adults whether it be the parents, teachers or any adult in authority step in to help the juvenile to make better choices. By an adult taking an interest in the child it can prevent them from falling into a group that becomes high risk. From 1984 through 1997 a 71% there was a rise in crimes committed by juveniles that were also violent offences†¦show more content†¦16). When a mother is an active state of drug addiction it puts her child at a higher risk of psychological problems. A study has shown that the children don’t get medical treatment for the first two years of their lives, which is only the start of the maltreatment that t hey suffer (Callaghan, Crimmins, amp; Schweitzer, 2010, p. 223). Suchman (2010), states that â€Å"Parenting problems observed during the children’s first three years of life include poor attachment, responsiveness, adaptability, and structure juxtaposed with heightened physical activity, provocation, and intrusiveness (p. 483). What the child gets or the lack thereof can be from the mothers own problems from her childhood (Suchman, 2010, p. 484). When these mothers had poor parents themselves it gives them a distorted view of how parenting should be. This many times can lead to the mothers abusiveness and neglect for her own child plus the use of drugs on the mothers part (2010, p. 485). Poverty can play a role in problems that children can face. The lacks of medical attention, poor academic success, along with psychological difficulties are some of the challenges that these children face. The contributing factors that they face are drug use, criminal behavior, and not doin g well academically. When these youth are constantly exposed to such unstable behaviors, it plays a vital role in the outcome of their own lives thatShow MoreRelatedThe Recidivism Area On Juvenile Delinquency1670 Words   |  7 PagesIn order to conduct research in the recidivism area, the use of secondary data will be used as an appropriate method for analysis. This analysis consists of measuring traditional penal sanctions such as incarceration versus alternative ways such as a rehabilitation treatment to deal with juvenile delinquency and investigate how it affects recidivism rates. The primary attention for this research proposal purpose is to rely only on juvenile delinquency data as the necessary specific information isRead MoreJuvenile Recidivism and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy600 Words   |  3 PagesJuvenile Recidivism and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (Participant Information Sheet and Consent Form)-Appendix B As part of the requirements for a degree in Criminal Justice at the State University of New York at Buffalo, I have to conduct a research study. This research looks at the effects of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy on recidivism rates. Prison recidivism rates continue to be a problem in the United States. Just within the first 3 years of release from prison, it is estimated that moreRead MoreThe Effects Of Restorative Justice On Juvenile Recidivism1407 Words   |  6 Pageson the effects of restorative justice on juvenile recidivism range from meta-analyses of multiple studies to individual program studies. According to Bradshaw and Roseborough (2005), â€Å"The use of meta-analytic methods provides a useful means for summarizing diverse research findings across restorative justice studies and synthesizing these findings in an objective manner.† (p. 19). Four meta-analytic studies reveal an overall reduction in juvenile recidivism (Bradshaw and Roseborough 2005; BradshawRead MoreEssay about Juvenile Recidivism3185 Words   |  13 PagesIntroduction: Recidivism or, habitual relapses into crime, has time and time again proven to be an issue among delinquents, which thereby increases the overall juvenile pri son population. This issue has become more prevalent than what we realize. Unless a unit for measuring a juvenile’s risk of recidivism is enacted and used to determine a system to promote effective prevention, than the juvenile prison population will continue to increase. Our court system should not only focus on punishing theRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency And The Recidivism Rate2469 Words   |  10 Pages Juvenile Delinquency and the Recidivism Rate Nathaniel L. Rogers CJ 3090 Dr. Morrison November 24, 2014 Juvenile Delinquency and the Recidivism Rate Juvenile Delinquency seems to always find itself on the front pages of newspapers. The juvenile delinquency rate is very high in America, today. According to Seigel and Welsh (2014) juvenile delinquency is defined as the participation in illegal behavior by a minor who falls under the statutory age limit (p. 648). TheRead MoreMentoring Program to Reduce Juvenile Recidivism4170 Words   |  17 Pageswere placed under rehabilitation centers reconnect to community and avoid recidivism is to provide them education and employment opportunities upon release. It is in this area where mentoring programs to achieve this goal are gaining popularity, the authors said (p.20). The purpose of this paper is to survey the literature that tackles mentoring the youth at risk of re-offending, particularly those included in the juvenile justice system. Mentoring is an intervention program which aims to createRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency And The Recidivism Rate2261 Words   |  10 PagesJuvenile Delinquency and the Recidivism Rate Juvenile Delinquency seems to always find itself on the front pages of newspapers. The juvenile delinquency rate is very high in America, today. According to Seigel and Welsh (2014) juvenile delinquency is defined as the participation in illegal behavior by a minor who falls under the statutory age limit (p. 648). The statutory age limit varies in different states. For example, a juvenile might be considered an adult in different state for variousRead MoreJuvenile Justice System And Ideas For Deter Recidivism2131 Words   |  9 Pages Juvenile Justice System and Ideas to deter Recidivism Unit 3 Assignment 1 Ann-Marie Cameron Capella University Dr. O’Conner April 30, 2015 Introduction Within the Juvenile system no one really takes the time to systematically track the statistics concerning the changes that need to be made within the system to deter juvenile offenders. The system tends to move slowly when it involves change because it can be costly. 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There are other programs that provide help for gang involvement, provide help to female offenders, provide help with family counseling, and for mental health issues. There are still others tha t help with community outreach and help with parenting and helping the family dynamic. Providing effective treatment

Case Study Analysis of Volkswagen - Free Assignment Sample

Question: Discuss about theCase Study Analysis Of Volkswagen. Answer: Possible Accounting Issues Faced by Volkswagen: The engine related scandal in relation of Volkswagen (VW) has major impacts on the accounting and financial reporting of the company. Accounting issues refer to the problems faced by a company in respect of its accounting practices that can even be highlighted in the auditors statement (Cucchiella et al. 2015). The engine scandal that came into light about VW has resulted in allocation of additional costs by the company to deal with the legal claims made by EPA. This allocation of additional funds requires separate accounting treatment by the company. Here, it is vital to understand if the company needs to show this additional costs in the income statement as a loss from business operations or in the form of administrative expenses or operational expenses. However, if the amounts are shown as an administrative or operational expenses then question can be raised as these payments are not recurring in nature. Similarly, unless the allocated expenses results in the outflow of cash it wo uld not be shown in the cash flow statement (Kothari and Lester, 2012). In addition, allocation of such funds needs to be spread over the entire period proportionately in which it is used. Other accounting issues could involve provision for doubtful debts on debtors because the spread of the information in the market might make dealers of VW hesitant to make payment due to high chances of poor sales in the coming years (El Kasmioui and Ceulemans, 2013). Other issues include probable high inventory level due to product recall. All these aspects might actually affect the profitability and financial position of VW. Adherence to International Financial Regulatory Standards (IFRS) could become difficult as well (Zhuang and Luo, 2015). This can be explained by the complexities involving the nature of transactions indulged in by VW as a result of the scandal affecting it for the past couple of years. Impact of the Scandal on Stakeholders: Stakeholders refer to the parties holding certain interests and powers in a particular company (Wang, 2014). A company operates with the cooperation of all these stakeholders. Therefore, it is the responsibility of a company meet the expectations of stakeholders. In current scenario, the major stakeholders of VW are shareholders, creditors, suppliers, employees and customers. These stakeholders are affected by the decision making of VW and the scandal taken place recently. On the other hand, Joshi et al. (2013) mentioned that analyzing the impact of a decision on the stakeholders is the best way of ensuring that the stakeholders can be satisfied. Focus on short-term gains seems to be the main factor behind VW engaging in providing unethical software in engines to pass environmental tests in a fraudulent manner. On the other hand, the strategy of the company to recall a large number of vehicles seems to be following Toyotas strategy earlier. On the other hand, VW seems to be regaining the trust of the customers and show that it cares for the customers and other stakeholders. The impact of the scandal on each of the above mentioned stakeholders are discussed here. Shareholders are those people who have invested money in a company to get suitable returns from there. Shareholders provide the required capital to a company. Thus, no need to say that the shareholders of a company holds immense power and strong interest in a company because the decision making of a company impacts the wealth of shareholders. Shareholders are mainly concerned with Earnings per Share (EPS), dividend payouts and others. The scandal of VW and actions taken by the company has badly affected its financial performance which would further have a negative impact on the shareholders. On the other hand, creditors are the providers of debt capital to a company. As mentioned by Doucette et al. (2012), creditors expect timely payment, bulk orders and long-term business contracts with firms. However, in the current scenario, the operations and financial position of VW has experienced a setbac k through additional costs to deal with the scandal and recall of a large number of vehicles. This might lower the purchase requirements of the company which would affect the suppliers. Similarly, weak cash flow position of VW can result in increase in the payment period to creditors (Stubbs et al. 2013). Good quality products is the principle expectation of customers and that customers hold considerable power to VW as customers are the source of direct revenue generation. In present context, VW has failed to keep with the trust of the customers. This can also cause customers to switch over to other brands. Thus, the customers of VW have been badly affected by the software related manipulation in the VW cars. In the view of Kraft (2014), no company can think of delivering excellent services to the customers without considering the employees as workforce is one of the greatest resource to any organization. Good salary increment, bonuses and job promotion are some of the common expect ations of employees. The employees of VW have also been badly affected by the scandal and decision taken by the company as the same might have a negative impact on their performance appraisal. There are various theories that might be applicable to VW considering the given scenario. The major theories are stakeholder theory, RBV theory and process theory. Stakeholder theory deals with the problems that an organization faces in respect of managing its stakeholders. Stakeholder theory suggest that it is one of the principle responsibilities of an organization to meet the expectations of the stakeholders (Palea and Maino, 2013). However, an organization may also face certain challenges in this regard, agency conflict being the most common one. Resource Based View (RBV) theory deals with the resources or assets held by an organization. RBV theory states that an organization needs to identify its most valuable assets and work on using the same to increase its competitive advantage over the rivals in the market. As per the RBV theory, organizations need to conduct Valuable Rare Inimitable and Non-substitutable (VRIN) analysis to identify assets which are increasing its competitiv e advantage over the rivals (Rensburg and Botha, 2014). An organization should hold only those assets and dispose-off the ones which does not meet any criteria. On the other hand, process theory could be yet another interesting theory in context of the scandal of VW. Process theory of management lays stress on the decision making process rather than the decision itself. As mentioned by Peters (2009), process theory holds that if the decision making process is appropriate then the concerned decision would also be appropriate. This theory could help in understanding and evaluating the decision making process of VW in regards to the scandal. However, after discussing the above theories, the stakeholder theory seems to be most appropriate to the current situation as the same could help VW in managing the different needs, perceptions and interests of various stakeholders. This can also be justified by the fact that VW is facing good will risk, loss of reputation, fall in brand equity and similar other issues as a result of the scandal. Therefore, stakeholder theory could help the company in resolving the issues currently faced by it. In addition, application of stakeholder theory could also help the organization in addressing the concerns of its stakeholders and regain the confidence of the stakeholders on the company. As per the accounting theories, VW can show the additional costs incurred in connection with dealing the scandal over a long period of time. This could help in protecting the company from serious losses in the current years which could be tough to recover in future. Spreading the costs over couple of years would reduce the burden on profit margin of the company. On the other hand, there is a strong chance that the EPA might impose some high penalties on the company. This needs due consideration as per the doctrine of conservatism which suggests that a company should not recognize anticipated profits but should account for anticipated losses. Hence, it is advisable for VW to create a provision against potential penalties that might be charged by the EPA. Creating such fund could help the company in saving the cash flow position in the year in which such penalties are made. Reference List: Cucchiella, F., DAdamo, I. and Gastaldi, M., 2015. Financial analysis for investment and policy decisions in the renewable energy sector.Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy,17(4), pp. 887-904. Doucette, W.R., McDonough, R.P., Mormann, M.M., Vaschevici, R., Urmie, J.M. and Patterson, B.J., 2012. Three-year financial analysis of pharmacy services at an independent community pharmacy.Journal of the American Pharmacists Association,52(2), pp. 181-187. El Kasmioui, O. and Ceulemans, R., 2013. Financial analysis of the cultivation of short rotation woody crops for bioenergy in Belgium: barriers and opportunities.BioEnergy Research,6(1), pp. 336-350. Joshi, M., Cahill, D., Sidhu, J. and Kansal, M., 2013. Intellectual capital and financial performance: an evaluation of the Australian financial sector.Journal of intellectual capital,14(2), pp.264-285. Kothari, S.P. and Lester, R., 2012. The role of accounting in the financial crisis: Lessons for the future.Accounting Horizons,26(2), pp.335-351. Kraft, P., 2014. Rating agency adjustments to GAAP financial statements and their effect on ratings and credit spreads.The Accounting Review,90(2), pp.641-674. Palea, V. and Maino, R., 2013. Private equity fair value measurement: a critical perspective on IFRS 13.Australian Accounting Review,23(3), pp.264-278. Peters, G., 2009. Fixing the financial system.Business Strategy Review, 20(3), pp. 12-17. Rensburg, R. and Botha, E., 2014. Is Integrated Reporting the silver bullet of financial communication? A stakeholder perspective from South Africa.Public Relations Review,40(2), pp.144-152. Stubbs, W., Higgins, C. and Milne, M., 2013. Why do companies not produce sustainability reports?.Business strategy and the environment,22(7), pp.456-470. Wang, C., 2014. Accounting standards harmonization and financial statement comparability: Evidence from transnational information transfer.Journal of Accounting Research,52(4), pp.955-992. Zhuang, X. and Luo, Y., 2015. Relevance between the degree of industrial competition and fair value information: Study on the listed companies in China.Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management,8(3), p.894.

The Birthmark Research Paper Essay Example

The Birthmark Research Paper Paper The Birthmark was written by Nathaniel Hawthorne in the middle of 19th century and was first published in 1843. The story describes the very natural thing, birthmark, and its impact on different minds. An 18th century’s scientist, Aylmer, gets married to a beautiful woman but later on finds his frustration about one feature in her appearance. An author has found a delicate way to criticize and blame the epoch, which he lived in, through this short, but meaningful, story. One of the passages from the story describes Georgiana’s, Aylmer’s wife, birthmark. Earlier, a conversation between the spouses begins, and an author tries to give every little detail in order for the reader to imagine and picture for herself the cause of the problem. The first thing, which should be noted, is that the author describes Georgiana’s birthmark with a grain of admiration and pity. It seems as if he tries to justify a little imperfection of a woman. Partially, this can be notices in the way he describes, how previous Georgiana’s lovers used to approach and treat her birthmark. After describing a negative approach to a mark by the female figures, he gives an example of Eve of Powers, which can ‘convert to a monster’ by the blue strains in the statuary marble. These author’s comments give a clear picture of a disagreement with the story’s character, Aylmer, concerning his wife’s appearance. We will write a custom essay sample on The Birthmark Research Paper specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Birthmark Research Paper specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Birthmark Research Paper specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer However, in order to understand, why the birthmark of this woman was given such a great attention by the author, it is necessary to go back to the 19th century and to understand the environment, which people used to live in back then. Nathaniel Hawthorne was born in the beginning of the 19th century in America. Most of his life he lived in the epoch of reform and positivism. Reform has brought many changes in people’s perception of religion, science, and society. It has change the role of woman to a great extent. Positivism, in turn, has brought a tendency to consider a person as a product of nature; however, where science could interfere. All these changes created an environment, where people believed that scientists have control over the nature and can bring significant changes to almost any aspect of the process of living. Apparently, Aylmer was one of those scientists, who was determined that perfection of a woman must not be spoiled by any, even the smallest, element of the nature. After his and Georgiana’s marriage he even started questioning his affection toward his wife. He saw a frightening sign in the birthmark of Georgiana and even understood that ‘this one defect grow more and more intolerable with every moment of their united lives’. Story’s author puts emphasis on the beauty of Georgiana. He does it in order to point out that the birthmark is really the only disadvantage, or, on the contrary, an advantage of her appearance. It is mentioned that different woman’s lovers had different opinions about this specialty of hers. Before her husband mentioned it in a different way, she thought men see it as a magic sign from a fairy. Her previous lovers saw some sort of charm in it, a feature, which differentiates Georgiana from all other women. They thought there was something special about this small sign on the face, which they thought was perfect. Aylmer’s opinion, on the other hand, was somewhat different. He was troubled with a question: why such a beautiful face is spoiled with a birthmark like this? Author describes man’s thoughts and explains that the birthmark would not bother Aylmer that much if there would be even one more defect on her face, or if she would not be beautiful at all . In his wife’s face he saw a nature’s imprint. He found two possible reasons for this birthmark: either for proving that every person on this earth is mortal and does not last forever, or does have to pay for his or her beauty or perfection. Either ways, Aylmer was anxious about this feature of his wife and, as was mentioned above, even started questioning his affection toward her. The birthmark was located in the center of Georgiana’s cheek and was shaped as a small hand. Its color was one of the reasons, why it was standing out on and striking one’s eye. The color of the birthmark was changing with the change in Georgiana’s emotions. It was disappearing whenever the blood rushed to her face and reappearing whenever she turned pale. Aylmer knew all the nuances of his wife’s face, and the effect her emotions had on the birthmark. However, as one of the determined scientists of that time, this very little and natural feature did not let him enjoy the beauty of his wife to the fullest. In the end of 18th and in the beginning of 19th century science has made a significant contribution to the women cosmetics and could bring into one’s appearance certain desirable changes. This was a time, when woman became a subject for experiments. At that time it was important for her to look perfect, especially, when she had all the necessary tools for it. Scientists believed that the nature is something, which can be controlled and changed. New discoveries and inventions brought a revolution to the society and people’s minds and proved people to be over the nature. While women were amazed and pleased with the new opportunities, which science could now offer to them, there have been given little thought of the meaning of certain unusual features women possessed. There were different beliefs and different approaches toward life and the human bodies. Aylmer was a scientist, who appeared to be unable to separate the science from his and his wife’s private life. He, like everyone else, was blinded by the new opportunities, which have appeared, and could not stop from applying his beliefs to their family. Georgiana appeared to be a subject of his critics and deep philosophical thoughts. At some point he has moved his wife to the back and has made science the major purpose of his life. She became one of his tools for examining the world, beliefs of the society, and his own beliefs. He found Georgiana’s birthmark as a contradiction to the common perception of the woman’s body and nature’s role in it. He was determined that leaving this feature on her face and looking at it every day of his life could be a threat for his beliefs. Removing the birthmark could serve Aylmer as a proof of his theories, which he was developing in his head. Author proves that Aylmer was looking at his wife through the eyes of a scientist by comparing his attitude toward the birthmark to Georgiana’s previous lovers’. In society, which believed that all imperfections of the woman can and must be removed, how could someone think otherwise? Perhaps, her previous lovers were musicians, painters, artists, but not people of the science. They, most probably, truly saw something entirely amazing and magical about this feature of hers. They were able to look at Georgiana with love and admiration without letting anything to interfere with their feelings. She was more than a beautiful body for them, but a special soul, which possessed it. This was the major difference between them and Aylmer, which author tries to show in his story. This difference had a significant impact on the spouses’ relationship and the way Georgiana’s birthmark was perceived. The situation, which Aylmer appeared in, describes and explains his unc ertainty and the pressure he was under. Instead of looking at his marriage as an opportunity for building strong and long-lasting relationships with his wife, he concentrated on the wrong things. He concentrated on the appearance of Georgiana, but not on her inner self. He concentrated on his science instead of being himself and becoming a loving and caring husband. Perhaps, he believed that this was exactly the feeling of care and love he felt for her wife, but could not understand the reasons standing behind his every action and word. Aylmer believed that the nature is something, which does not leave a space for perfection. It constantly reminds a human being of his or her dependence on the decisions ‘made’ by it. He, as a true representative of the science, could not agree with it and to accept it. Especially, he did not want to accept it when having a person so close, who had an obvious sign against his own beliefs. This thought did not give Aylmer a rest, and he was constantly thinking over this little feature of his wife. Instead of loving his wife for who she is inside, he found that she has become a reason for his biggest anxiety. Georgiana was his wife and his closest person. After becoming a married couple, their relationship has reached a new level, where he started looking at her in a different way. He saw a lover in her; a woman, who must be perfect in every way. He needed her to be perfect in sake of his science and his beliefs. He could not live on and exist next to the person, who carri ed a challenge of his beliefs right on her face. Therefore, unconsciously he decided to give up his love and relationship with his wife for the sake of the science. In ‘The Birthmark’ author tries to show the way beliefs in society can affect a single person and his or her relationships with other people around. In addition, he tries to describe the way person’s occupation and interests can affect his or her approach to life. The epoch, in which both Nathaniel Hawthorne and Aylmer used to live, brought many changes to the beliefs of the people around them. Some people remained indifferent to the large amount of inventions in the science, and some fell immediately under their influence. There were people, who were against and with the reform; however, the fact that it changed every person’s lives in the 19th century is unquestionable. However, the saddest effect that reform had brought to the society, which is illustrated in ‘The Birthmark’, is the one on the relationship between men and women. The role of the woman has changed and become somewhat insignificant. She has become a tool for decorating the houses and streets. Scientists have worked hard on making it possible to change woman’s appearance and to make it even more perfect. Unquestionably, this approach has remained till the 21st century. BibliographyMarxists Internet Archive. â€Å"Value of Knowledge Reference. Positivism†. Available from Internet; accessed 4 February 2010 The Literature Network. â€Å"Nathaniel Hawthorne†. Available from Internet; accessed 4 February 2010

Inherit The Wind essays

Inherit The Wind essays The film Inherit the wind is about a young schoolteacher who dares to introduce his students to Darwins theory of evolution in Hillsboro. Hillsboro is a small bible town whose citizens not only reject the evolutionist point of view but deny the existence of evolution itself. They have been taught that the universe and all it contains was created by God; that any other point of view is blasphemous. In Hillsboro, it is unlawful to teach other than what is in the bible. The people there are very old fashioned and not open to questioning what has been written. Thus, the story surrounds the trial of the State vs. a schoolteacher; evolution vs. creation; religion versus science. The film was originally written as a play in 1955 by Jerome Lawrence and Robert E. Lee. The focus of the story mirrors the events of what became known as the Scopes Monkey Trial where Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan squared off in a small town to determine the guilt or innocence of a schoolteacher, Scopes, who attempted to teach evolution in his science class. The movies characters are represented by defense attorney Henry Drummond, prosecutor Matthew Harrison Brady, and defendant Bertram Cates, respectively. All are gathered in the courtroom, including the press, to attend what seems to be an open and shut case. But as the story unfolds and the trial proceeds, there are many twists and surprises that further polarize and make impossible to exist the two points of view. Henry Drummond attempts to call several expert witnesses to aide his defense of Cates. The presiding judge, who happens to be running for political office and not wanting to rock the boat with the townspeople, easily disallows any and all witnesses presented by Drummond. However, when left with no other alternative, Drummond calls the only expert witness he knows will be acceptable, not only to the court but to the local population. He calls M ...

Formation of Israel. Experiences of minority populations of the region Essay

Formation of Israel. Experiences of minority populations of the region before, during and after the formation of Israel. Effects of the formation of Israel o - Essay Example They also managed to conquer other substantial territories which had been allocated to the Palestinians. The minority groups were highly affected by the wars which were going on and some of them lost their lives as well as their cultural identities. The Jewish armies became victorious and they conquered most of the areas in that region. However Israel was invaded by five Arab armies soon after its declaration but it was very prepared and thus it succeeded in crushing the pockets of the resistance. (Israel Ministry of foreign affairs 2006) Israel is a country which is located in the south western part of Asia and in the northern part it is bounded by the country of Lebanon and also Syria and Jordan borders the country in the east. Israel is also bordered by the Gulf of Aqaba and Egypt as well as the Mediterranean Sea borders it on the western part. Many of the Jewish populants in Palestine started several revolts against the roman occupation of the area on the Gaza strip and also the west bank. However most of then were killed and the rest of them were dispersed to various parts of the Diaspora. The Palestinians were also Hellenized such that many churches were built around the sites which were holy to the Christians after Christianity was adapted as the official Roman Empire religion in the 14th century. After the collapse of the Roman Empire in th... A conquest of the entire area buy the Muslim Arabs followed. This was then followed by several European crusades in an attempt to recover the holy land as referred to by the Christians from the Muslims. (Israel Ministry of foreign affairs 2006) The initial crusade was however very successful as it captured the city of Jerusalem and also in the establishment of a Christian kingdom which lasted a whole century before it fell to the Egyptian sultans. Later on, Palestine was captured by the Turks from ottoman and it then became a part of the Ottoman Empire for a period of four centuries. (Aloni 2001) There was an emergence of the Zionist movement and it was advocating for the re-establishment of the homeland for the Jews in Palestine which also served as a refuge for the Jews who were prosecuted in Europe. The first Zionist congress was then organized in Basel and it publicized the Jewish claims to Palestine where a large number of the Jews had begun settling. During the First World War turkey was at war with France and Britain thus plans were made on the division of the Ottoman Empire where Palestine was to be on the British territory. So at to encourage the Jewish support on the war a leading Zionist from Britain established a Balfour declaration which stated that the government of Britain was in favor of the establishment of a national home for the Jewish people. Palestine was placed under the British administration on a mandate from the League of Nations. (Israel Ministry of foreign affairs 2006) However the Jews continued to migrate and conflict sprout with the resident Arabs and this further led to communal violence that was very severe in the environs of Jerusalem. The Jews

Effect of Temperature on Peroxidase Activity Essay

Effect of Temperature on Peroxidase Activity - Essay Example It was found that the enzymatic activity was optimum at 37 degree Celsius and the enzyme activity decreased above that temperature thus nullifying the hypothesis that the reaction rate increases as temperature increases based on Arrhenius equation. An enzyme is defined as a protein that catalyzes a chemical reaction by lowering energy barrier, biology book. Enzymes are made up of hundred of amino acids to form peptides and these peptides binds with each other to form the active protein molecules, Biology book. Nevertheless, the enzyme has a specific three dimensional shape. A part of this shape forms the active site, where the enzyme connects or combines with the substrate. The enzymes are very specific for the substrates. They bind with the specific substrates only. This is carried out by the ligand – receptor complex. The enzyme bound to its substrate, forming enzyme- substrate complex, which became activated. While they were bound together, enzyme and substrate, the enzyme’s catalytic action converts the substrate to product of the reaction. At the end of the reaction, the product is released and the same enzyme is ready to react with other substrate. The reaction could be shown as follows: Nevertheless, Dr. Rebecca Bellone pointed out that the enzymes are affected by many external parameters such as pH and Temperature. The alteration of the active site occurs due to the change in pH and temperature. The protein gets denatured and loses its active site. Finally the enzyme activity is lost. Hence care must always be taken to maintain the enzyme at specific ph and Temperature. Furthermore, in this laboratory the enzyme that was used to accelerate the hydrolysis of hydrogen peroxide was peroxidase. Peroxidase is an enzyme found in all aerobic cells, which accelerate hydrolysis of toxic hydrogen peroxide. On oxidation it yields oxygen and water, as shown in the following equation: An article was reviewed about enzymes activity and

Philosophy of Nursing: Reflection

Philosophy of Nursing: Reflection A philosophy is a statement of belief about something. Humans, their health, and the environment in which they live and function are phenomena of particular interest to nursing. Learning to reflect critically on ones practice requires considerable effort. It is also essential to being an excellent practitioner. Being able to think about and to explain your beliefs about the basic concepts of your practice provides the framework for your practice. Do remember that what you write today is not written in stone. As you learn new information and expand your professional practice your thoughts and beliefs about these phenomena may very well change. View this assignment as an opportunity to articulate your thoughts about these four concepts. My Belief is Good pain control and community health services help rebuild a person after surgery You need to include the following items: 1. An introduction to the paper that includes a brief overview of the paradigm. 2. A statement and explanation of your beliefs in relation to each of the four concepts included in the paradigm of nursing (humans, health, nursing, environment). While there is no minimum requirement for the length of each `statement and explanation,` many fall into the range of three (3) to five (5) paragraphs for each component of the paradigm. Some questions you may want to ask and answer for yourself are: What is the essence of human? What is health? Illness? Wellness? How are they related? What is the reason for nursings existence? How do I facilitate a clients movement toward health? These are just suggestions. You are NOT required to respond to the questions listed in this paragraph. As you consider your explanation of how you have reached this belief, i.e. `This I believe about . . . because. . .`, you may want to review some of the information from previous NRSE 300 modules. The Paradigm Online Writing Assistant has guidelines about writing a Thesis/Support Essay. This can help you in the construction of the paper. You need to document your explanation with material from the textbook, from the videos, from your practice, and from at least two sources that are not listed in your class materials. 3. Choose one of the nurse theorists you viewed. Compare your beliefs to those expressed or implied by the Jean Watson. How similar are your beliefs? What differences exist? 4. The final section of the paper is to be a statement of your philosophy of nursing. It may help to go to the Ohio School of Nursing website and read the Philosophy of the School of Nursing. It will give you a sense of one style of writing a philosophy. The philosophy is a distillation of the thinking you did to write your beliefs and explanations. It usually takes the form of one to three sentences about each of the components with linking comments about how they relate to each other to form your personal philosophy of nursing. 5. Paper will be typed. Double-space the body of the paper. Use APA format for headings and references. Make sure that your name is on each page of the paper. Use the running head style as explained in the APA Manual. Proofread the paper. Do NOT rely solely on spell check. It will not tell you when you wrote `of` when you intended to write `or.` There is no specified length for this paper. They usually run between 3 and 6 pages of double-space Introduction Nursing refers to a contact or a bond that exists between two or more persons in which one of the two persons provide professional care to the other in addition to providing advice with an aim of improving the health of the other individual an preventing illness. Philosophy of nursing may refer to beliefs that different individuals have towards nursing. Humans refer to the primates in the family of hominids. They have a brain which is highly expanded enabling them to solve problems through reasoning, control of emotions, use of language and introspection. Humans are always craving to understand the world around them and influence the natural occurrences. Health refers to a state of well being where there is no sickness and reflects the social, physical, spiritual and mental fitness of an individual. Good health may be brought about by a balanced diet, exercise and rest. Nursing refers to a science in which the person involved aims at ensuring a good health for individuals, families and communities. In general, the science of nursing aims at upholding the quality of life. Environment is defined as the extensive information on issues, programs and policies affecting our surrounding. It refers to anything internal or external that may create some impact in the life of an individual including all the living and non living organisms that exist on the earth. Humans A good pain control after surgery when accompanied by appropriate community health services enables an individual to rebuild him or herself. It is however the responsibility of every person to ensure that the nurse or the doctor knows about him or herself before the pain control is administered on him or her. This the patient could do by enabling the doctor to know about his or her drug addiction either the past or present. Surgery of the stomach is a very painful one and the drug history of a person may affect the persons tolerance to the pain or response to the pain relievers. The pain control in patients also depends on the age of the patient as well the conditions of health of the individual before the surgery. Controlling pain after surgery is a very essential step in the life of a patient as it helps the individual to gain the best results on functionality. This is appropriate because the pain after surgery increases the functionality of the patient. Patients who before the surgery were on pain medication do require an administration of extended pain medication. Otherwise the patient may require shorter acting pain medications for the control of pain. Nursing The belief that good pain control and community health services help rebuild a person after surgery relates to nursing in the sense that nurses have been found to be mediums through which terminal care at home can be improved. Pain control is one of the components of quality terminal care in the community. Patients who have undergone surgery should be given enough advice by the nurses on where to get help if necessary. In addition to this they should be given appropriate analgesics to carry home which should be accompanied by sufficient instructions on their usage. Nevertheless, patients should be given both verbal and written information about pain so that and how pain can be reduced. The nursing staff should always be there for patients to advice them and to discuss with them their choice of a pain relieving techniques. The pain that is experienced by patients after surgery is usually very great that it should not be underestimated. This is because the pain does different implications on both the patients and the community health services. A proper pain control after surgery therefore requires the intervention of the nurse which will give way for community health services thus helping the patient to gain his or her health back. Nurses facilitates the process of pain control and ensures that it well managed to speed the process of recovering of a patient. Health The health of a person enables that person to function mentally, spiritually, physically and socially in full ability. The belief that a good pain control and community health service helps an individual to rebuild after a surgery relates to health in the sense that an individual will only have a good health when he or she is not in pain. A person is considered to fully healthy if he or she is not feeling any pain. Surgery involves a lot of pain therefore after a surgery an individual requires pain relief which is achieved through proper pain control by the nurses to enable him or her to function properly both physically, mentally, spiritually and socially. When a person is in pain, he or she will not perform any physical activity in addition the person will not be able to socialize freely with other people. The person will also not think properly thus lacking both mental and spiritual thinking. This is because pain makes a person uncomfortable creating a feeling that something is wrong in the body. The pain in the body i.e. physical pain sends a signal to the brain through the spinal cords that something is wrong thus stopping the mind from working properly. It is therefore essential that after surgery a patient should receive a good pain control and community health service to enable him or her to rebuild his health. Effective pain management is therefore considered by nurses as part of recovery because it when it is well controlled it speeds up the process of healing and reduce complications that a person may experience as a result of surgery. Environment The surroundings in which individuals live do affect the activities performed in that particular environment. Nurses do require an enabling environment to enable them to perform their duties properly. After surgery it will for the well being of the patient to have a conducive environment in which physical, mental, spiritual and social healing is possible. The nature of the environment in which pain control is conducted is very essential and should be set to fit the requirements of different patients. Pain control will enable an individual to feel comfortable as he or she heals, get well faster and avoid some problems associated with surgery. The nurse theorist viewed was Margaret Newman who also came up with a nursing theory of health as an expanding consciousness which requires every person to find the meaning of life and find connections with other people in the rest of the world. According to Margaret, health means increasing awareness. She put forward that the role of a nurse is to identify the lifestyle of an individual so that the nurse can work within that lifestyle to help the individual achieve the goals of his or her life. Newmans theory includes the health of every individual irrespective of the condition of illness i.e. whether sick or well. Jean on the other hand developed a caring theory which involves the caring actions taken by nurses in their interaction with the patients. The caring theory involves the deep respect offered to patients by the nurses for the mysteries of life and the ability of the patients to change their lifestyles. Watsons caring theory also requires a nurse to help the patients to acquire self control, knowledge and healing not regarding their health conditions. The difference that exists between my beliefs on Newmans theory and Watsons caring theory is that Newmans theory was focused on helping every person whether in the absence or presence of sickness to understand his or her status. It focused on the adjustments that a nurse should put to ensure that a person meets his or her requirements. Watson on the other hand focused on caring for the patients, respecting them and helping them to understand themselves by acquiring self control, knowledge and healing. The similarity between the two theories is that both the two believe that it is the role of a nurse to ensure appropriate lifestyles for different persons whether sick or not. They both believe that a nurse should be able to identify or recognize and accurately detect the health status of a person and be able to help that person accordingly. They believe that a nurse must come together and engage in an interaction so that the nurse can understand the unique lifestyle of the person and provide care in a manner that fits that lifestyle. Finally both the beliefs involve human and nursing in the science of nursing in order to provide desired care to persons. The statement of my philosophy of nursing is the belief that Good pain control and community health services help rebuild a person after surgery. Conclusion Surgery is a very painful exercise which usually requires an immediate pain control to stop the patient from suffering. Pain management especially after surgery is therefore very essential for the well being of the patient and nurses should ensure that it is provided to enable the patient to rebuild his or her health. Reference Newman, M. A. (1972). Nursings theoretical evolution. Nursing Outlook, 20(5), 449-453. Newman, M.A. (1979). Theory development in nursing. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis. Newman, M. A. (1982). Time as an index of expanding consciousness with age. Nursing Research, 31(5), 290-293. Newman, M.A. (1983). Newmans health theory. In I. Clements F. Roberts (Eds.), Family health: A theoretical approach to nursing care (pp. 161-175). New York: John Wiley. Engle, V. F. (1984). Newmans conceptual framework and the measurement of older adults health. Advances in Nursing Science, 7(1), 24-36. Newman, M. A. (1984). Nursing diagnosis: Looking at the whole. American Journal of Nursing, 84(12), 1496-1499. Newman, M.A. (1986). Health as Expanding Consciousness. St. Louis: Mosby. Newman, M. A. (1987). Aging as increasing complexity. Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 13(9), 16-18. Newman, M.A. (1990). Newmans theory of health as praxis. Nursing Science Quarterly, 3(1), 37-41 Gustafson, W. (1990). Application of Newmans theory of health: Pattern recognition as nursing practice. In M. E. Parker (Ed.), Nursing theories in practice (pp. 141-161). New York: National League for Nursing. Kalb, K. A. (1990). The gift: Applying Newmans theory of health in nursing practice. In M. Parker (Ed.), Nursing theories in practice (pp. 163-186). New York: National League for Nursing. Newman, M. A. (1990). Shifting to higher consciousness. In M. E. Parker (Ed.), Nursing theories in practice (pp. 129-139). New York: National League for Nursing. Newman, M. A. (1990). Toward an integrative model of professional practice. Journal of Professional Nursing, 6(3), 167-173. Newman, M. A., Lamb, G. S., Michaels, C. (1991). Nurse case management: The coming together of theory and practice. Nursing Health Care, 12(8), 404-408. Newman, M. A., Sime, A. M., Corcoran-Perry, S. A. (1991). The focus of the discipline of nursing. Advances in Nursing Science, 14(1), 1-6. Newman, M. A. (1992). Prevailing paradigms in nursing. Nursing Outlook, 40(1), 10-14. Marchione, J. (1993). Margaret Newman: Health as expanding consciousness. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Newman, M. A. (1994). Health expanding consciousness (2nd ed.). New York: National League for Nursing. Newman, M.A. (1994). Theory for nursing practice. Nursing Science Quarterly, 7(4), 153-157. Newman, M. A. (1995). A developing discipline: Selected works of Margaret Newman. New York: National League for Nursing. Marchione, J. (1995). Margaret Newman: Health as expanding consciousness. In C. M. McQuiston A. A. Webb ( Eds.), Foundations of nursing theory: Contributions of 12 key theorists (pp. 261-316). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Engle, V. F. (1996). Newmans theory of health. In J. J. Fitzpatrick A. L. Whall (Eds.), Conceptual models of nursing: Analysis and application (3rd ed., pp. 275-288). Stamford, CT: Appleton Lange. Newman, M.A. (1996). Theory of the nurse-client partnership. In E. Cohen (Ed.), Nurse case management in the 21st Century (pp. 119-123). St. Louis: Mosby Year-book. Newman, M. A. (1997). Experiencing the whole. Advances in Nursing Science, 20(1), 34-39. Newman, M. A. (1997). Evolution of the theory of health as expanding consciousness. Nursing Science Quarterly, 10(1), 22-25. Yamashita, M., Jensen, E., Tall, F. (1998). Therapeutic touch: Applying Newmans theoretic approach. Nursing Science Quarterly, 11(2) 49-50. Desai, S., Keffer, M. J., Hensley, D. Kilgore-Keever, K. A., Langfitt, J. V. Peterson, L. (1998). Margaret A. Newman: Model of Health. In A. M. Tomey M. R. Alligood (Eds.), Nursing theorists and their work (4th ed., pp. 496-515). St. Louis: Mosby. Newman, M. A. (1999). The rhythm of relating in a paradigm of wholeness. Image: Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 31(3), 227-230. Pharris, M. D. (2001). Margaret A. Newman: Health as expanding consciousness. In Parker, M. (Ed.), Nursing theories and nursing practice (pp. 263-274). Philadelphia: Davis. Newman, M. A. (2002). Caring in the human health experience. International Journal for Human Caring. 6(2), 8-12. Newman, M. A. (2002). The pattern that connects. Advances in Nursing Science, 24(3), 1-7. Witucki, J. M. (2002). Newmans theory of health as expanding consciousness in nursing practice. In M. R. Alligood A. M. Tomey (Eds.), Nursing theory utilization application (2nd ed., pp. 429-449). St. Louis: Mosby. Newman, M. A. (2003). A world of no boundaries. Advances in Nursing Science, 26(4), 240-245. Endo, E. (2004). Nursing praxis with Margaret Newmans theory of health expanding consciousness. Nursing Science Quarterly, 17(2), 110-115. Health as Expanding Consciousness A website by Margaret Newman. ASSUMPTIONS deal with human life, nursing science, and the process of nursing. Watsons conception of human life is tied to notions that ones soul possesses a body that is not confined by objective space and time. The lived world of the experiencing person is not distinguished by external and internal notions of time and space, but shapes its own time and space, which is unconstrained by linearity. Nursing is a human science of persons and human health-illness experiences that are mediated by professional, personal, scientific, esthetic, and ethical human care transactions. The process of nursing is human care. THE THEORY OF HUMAN CARING The main concept of the theory is TRANSPERSONAL HUMAN CARING, which is best understood within the concepts of three ancillary concepts: LIFE, ILLNESS, and HEALTH. HUMAN LIFE is defined as spiritual-mental-physical being-in-the-world, which is continuous in time and space. ILLNESS is not necessarily disease. Illness is subjective turmoil or disharmony with a persons inner self or soul at some level or disharmony within the spheres of the person, either consciously or unconsciously. HEALTH refers to unity and harmony within the mind, body, and soul. TRANSPERSONAL HUMAN CARING and caring transactions are those scientific, professional, ethical, yet esthetic, creative and personalized giving-receiving behaviors and responses between nurse and patient that allow for contact between the subjective world of the experiencing persons through physical, mental, or spiritual routes or some combination thereof. THE GOAL OF NURSING is to help persons gain a higher degree of harmony within the mind, body, and soul which generates self-knowledge, self-reverence, self-healing, and self-care processes while increasing diversity. Nursing interventions or CARATIVE FACTORS are: Humanistic-altruistic system of values Faith-hope Sensitivity to self and others Helping-trusting, human care relationship Expressing positive and negative feelings Creative problem-solving caring process Transpersonal teaching-learning Supportive, protective, and/or corrective mental, physical, societal, and spiritual environment Human needs assistance Existential-phenomenological-spiritual forces Return to Top This page was last modified on 6/1/02