Philosophy of Nursing: Reflection

Philosophy of Nursing: Reflection A philosophy is a statement of belief about something. Humans, their health, and the environment in which they live and function are phenomena of particular interest to nursing. Learning to reflect critically on ones practice requires considerable effort. It is also essential to being an excellent practitioner. Being able to think about and to explain your beliefs about the basic concepts of your practice provides the framework for your practice. Do remember that what you write today is not written in stone. As you learn new information and expand your professional practice your thoughts and beliefs about these phenomena may very well change. View this assignment as an opportunity to articulate your thoughts about these four concepts. My Belief is Good pain control and community health services help rebuild a person after surgery You need to include the following items: 1. An introduction to the paper that includes a brief overview of the paradigm. 2. A statement and explanation of your beliefs in relation to each of the four concepts included in the paradigm of nursing (humans, health, nursing, environment). While there is no minimum requirement for the length of each `statement and explanation,` many fall into the range of three (3) to five (5) paragraphs for each component of the paradigm. Some questions you may want to ask and answer for yourself are: What is the essence of human? What is health? Illness? Wellness? How are they related? What is the reason for nursings existence? How do I facilitate a clients movement toward health? These are just suggestions. You are NOT required to respond to the questions listed in this paragraph. As you consider your explanation of how you have reached this belief, i.e. `This I believe about . . . because. . .`, you may want to review some of the information from previous NRSE 300 modules. The Paradigm Online Writing Assistant has guidelines about writing a Thesis/Support Essay. This can help you in the construction of the paper. You need to document your explanation with material from the textbook, from the videos, from your practice, and from at least two sources that are not listed in your class materials. 3. Choose one of the nurse theorists you viewed. Compare your beliefs to those expressed or implied by the Jean Watson. How similar are your beliefs? What differences exist? 4. The final section of the paper is to be a statement of your philosophy of nursing. It may help to go to the Ohio School of Nursing website and read the Philosophy of the School of Nursing. It will give you a sense of one style of writing a philosophy. The philosophy is a distillation of the thinking you did to write your beliefs and explanations. It usually takes the form of one to three sentences about each of the components with linking comments about how they relate to each other to form your personal philosophy of nursing. 5. Paper will be typed. Double-space the body of the paper. Use APA format for headings and references. Make sure that your name is on each page of the paper. Use the running head style as explained in the APA Manual. Proofread the paper. Do NOT rely solely on spell check. It will not tell you when you wrote `of` when you intended to write `or.` There is no specified length for this paper. They usually run between 3 and 6 pages of double-space Introduction Nursing refers to a contact or a bond that exists between two or more persons in which one of the two persons provide professional care to the other in addition to providing advice with an aim of improving the health of the other individual an preventing illness. Philosophy of nursing may refer to beliefs that different individuals have towards nursing. Humans refer to the primates in the family of hominids. They have a brain which is highly expanded enabling them to solve problems through reasoning, control of emotions, use of language and introspection. Humans are always craving to understand the world around them and influence the natural occurrences. Health refers to a state of well being where there is no sickness and reflects the social, physical, spiritual and mental fitness of an individual. Good health may be brought about by a balanced diet, exercise and rest. Nursing refers to a science in which the person involved aims at ensuring a good health for individuals, families and communities. In general, the science of nursing aims at upholding the quality of life. Environment is defined as the extensive information on issues, programs and policies affecting our surrounding. It refers to anything internal or external that may create some impact in the life of an individual including all the living and non living organisms that exist on the earth. Humans A good pain control after surgery when accompanied by appropriate community health services enables an individual to rebuild him or herself. It is however the responsibility of every person to ensure that the nurse or the doctor knows about him or herself before the pain control is administered on him or her. This the patient could do by enabling the doctor to know about his or her drug addiction either the past or present. Surgery of the stomach is a very painful one and the drug history of a person may affect the persons tolerance to the pain or response to the pain relievers. The pain control in patients also depends on the age of the patient as well the conditions of health of the individual before the surgery. Controlling pain after surgery is a very essential step in the life of a patient as it helps the individual to gain the best results on functionality. This is appropriate because the pain after surgery increases the functionality of the patient. Patients who before the surgery were on pain medication do require an administration of extended pain medication. Otherwise the patient may require shorter acting pain medications for the control of pain. Nursing The belief that good pain control and community health services help rebuild a person after surgery relates to nursing in the sense that nurses have been found to be mediums through which terminal care at home can be improved. Pain control is one of the components of quality terminal care in the community. Patients who have undergone surgery should be given enough advice by the nurses on where to get help if necessary. In addition to this they should be given appropriate analgesics to carry home which should be accompanied by sufficient instructions on their usage. Nevertheless, patients should be given both verbal and written information about pain so that and how pain can be reduced. The nursing staff should always be there for patients to advice them and to discuss with them their choice of a pain relieving techniques. The pain that is experienced by patients after surgery is usually very great that it should not be underestimated. This is because the pain does different implications on both the patients and the community health services. A proper pain control after surgery therefore requires the intervention of the nurse which will give way for community health services thus helping the patient to gain his or her health back. Nurses facilitates the process of pain control and ensures that it well managed to speed the process of recovering of a patient. Health The health of a person enables that person to function mentally, spiritually, physically and socially in full ability. The belief that a good pain control and community health service helps an individual to rebuild after a surgery relates to health in the sense that an individual will only have a good health when he or she is not in pain. A person is considered to fully healthy if he or she is not feeling any pain. Surgery involves a lot of pain therefore after a surgery an individual requires pain relief which is achieved through proper pain control by the nurses to enable him or her to function properly both physically, mentally, spiritually and socially. When a person is in pain, he or she will not perform any physical activity in addition the person will not be able to socialize freely with other people. The person will also not think properly thus lacking both mental and spiritual thinking. This is because pain makes a person uncomfortable creating a feeling that something is wrong in the body. The pain in the body i.e. physical pain sends a signal to the brain through the spinal cords that something is wrong thus stopping the mind from working properly. It is therefore essential that after surgery a patient should receive a good pain control and community health service to enable him or her to rebuild his health. Effective pain management is therefore considered by nurses as part of recovery because it when it is well controlled it speeds up the process of healing and reduce complications that a person may experience as a result of surgery. Environment The surroundings in which individuals live do affect the activities performed in that particular environment. Nurses do require an enabling environment to enable them to perform their duties properly. After surgery it will for the well being of the patient to have a conducive environment in which physical, mental, spiritual and social healing is possible. The nature of the environment in which pain control is conducted is very essential and should be set to fit the requirements of different patients. Pain control will enable an individual to feel comfortable as he or she heals, get well faster and avoid some problems associated with surgery. The nurse theorist viewed was Margaret Newman who also came up with a nursing theory of health as an expanding consciousness which requires every person to find the meaning of life and find connections with other people in the rest of the world. According to Margaret, health means increasing awareness. She put forward that the role of a nurse is to identify the lifestyle of an individual so that the nurse can work within that lifestyle to help the individual achieve the goals of his or her life. Newmans theory includes the health of every individual irrespective of the condition of illness i.e. whether sick or well. Jean on the other hand developed a caring theory which involves the caring actions taken by nurses in their interaction with the patients. The caring theory involves the deep respect offered to patients by the nurses for the mysteries of life and the ability of the patients to change their lifestyles. Watsons caring theory also requires a nurse to help the patients to acquire self control, knowledge and healing not regarding their health conditions. The difference that exists between my beliefs on Newmans theory and Watsons caring theory is that Newmans theory was focused on helping every person whether in the absence or presence of sickness to understand his or her status. It focused on the adjustments that a nurse should put to ensure that a person meets his or her requirements. Watson on the other hand focused on caring for the patients, respecting them and helping them to understand themselves by acquiring self control, knowledge and healing. The similarity between the two theories is that both the two believe that it is the role of a nurse to ensure appropriate lifestyles for different persons whether sick or not. They both believe that a nurse should be able to identify or recognize and accurately detect the health status of a person and be able to help that person accordingly. They believe that a nurse must come together and engage in an interaction so that the nurse can understand the unique lifestyle of the person and provide care in a manner that fits that lifestyle. Finally both the beliefs involve human and nursing in the science of nursing in order to provide desired care to persons. The statement of my philosophy of nursing is the belief that Good pain control and community health services help rebuild a person after surgery. Conclusion Surgery is a very painful exercise which usually requires an immediate pain control to stop the patient from suffering. Pain management especially after surgery is therefore very essential for the well being of the patient and nurses should ensure that it is provided to enable the patient to rebuild his or her health. Reference Newman, M. A. (1972). Nursings theoretical evolution. Nursing Outlook, 20(5), 449-453. Newman, M.A. (1979). Theory development in nursing. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis. Newman, M. A. (1982). Time as an index of expanding consciousness with age. Nursing Research, 31(5), 290-293. Newman, M.A. (1983). Newmans health theory. In I. Clements F. Roberts (Eds.), Family health: A theoretical approach to nursing care (pp. 161-175). New York: John Wiley. Engle, V. F. (1984). Newmans conceptual framework and the measurement of older adults health. Advances in Nursing Science, 7(1), 24-36. Newman, M. A. (1984). Nursing diagnosis: Looking at the whole. American Journal of Nursing, 84(12), 1496-1499. Newman, M.A. (1986). Health as Expanding Consciousness. St. Louis: Mosby. Newman, M. A. (1987). Aging as increasing complexity. Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 13(9), 16-18. Newman, M.A. (1990). Newmans theory of health as praxis. Nursing Science Quarterly, 3(1), 37-41 Gustafson, W. (1990). Application of Newmans theory of health: Pattern recognition as nursing practice. In M. E. Parker (Ed.), Nursing theories in practice (pp. 141-161). New York: National League for Nursing. Kalb, K. A. (1990). The gift: Applying Newmans theory of health in nursing practice. In M. Parker (Ed.), Nursing theories in practice (pp. 163-186). New York: National League for Nursing. Newman, M. A. (1990). Shifting to higher consciousness. In M. E. Parker (Ed.), Nursing theories in practice (pp. 129-139). New York: National League for Nursing. Newman, M. A. (1990). Toward an integrative model of professional practice. Journal of Professional Nursing, 6(3), 167-173. Newman, M. A., Lamb, G. S., Michaels, C. (1991). Nurse case management: The coming together of theory and practice. Nursing Health Care, 12(8), 404-408. Newman, M. A., Sime, A. M., Corcoran-Perry, S. A. (1991). The focus of the discipline of nursing. Advances in Nursing Science, 14(1), 1-6. Newman, M. A. (1992). Prevailing paradigms in nursing. Nursing Outlook, 40(1), 10-14. Marchione, J. (1993). Margaret Newman: Health as expanding consciousness. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Newman, M. A. (1994). Health expanding consciousness (2nd ed.). New York: National League for Nursing. Newman, M.A. (1994). Theory for nursing practice. Nursing Science Quarterly, 7(4), 153-157. Newman, M. A. (1995). A developing discipline: Selected works of Margaret Newman. New York: National League for Nursing. Marchione, J. (1995). Margaret Newman: Health as expanding consciousness. In C. M. McQuiston A. A. Webb ( Eds.), Foundations of nursing theory: Contributions of 12 key theorists (pp. 261-316). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Engle, V. F. (1996). Newmans theory of health. In J. J. Fitzpatrick A. L. Whall (Eds.), Conceptual models of nursing: Analysis and application (3rd ed., pp. 275-288). Stamford, CT: Appleton Lange. Newman, M.A. (1996). Theory of the nurse-client partnership. In E. Cohen (Ed.), Nurse case management in the 21st Century (pp. 119-123). St. Louis: Mosby Year-book. Newman, M. A. (1997). Experiencing the whole. Advances in Nursing Science, 20(1), 34-39. Newman, M. A. (1997). Evolution of the theory of health as expanding consciousness. Nursing Science Quarterly, 10(1), 22-25. Yamashita, M., Jensen, E., Tall, F. (1998). Therapeutic touch: Applying Newmans theoretic approach. Nursing Science Quarterly, 11(2) 49-50. Desai, S., Keffer, M. J., Hensley, D. Kilgore-Keever, K. A., Langfitt, J. V. Peterson, L. (1998). Margaret A. Newman: Model of Health. In A. M. Tomey M. R. Alligood (Eds.), Nursing theorists and their work (4th ed., pp. 496-515). St. Louis: Mosby. Newman, M. A. (1999). The rhythm of relating in a paradigm of wholeness. Image: Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 31(3), 227-230. Pharris, M. D. (2001). Margaret A. Newman: Health as expanding consciousness. In Parker, M. (Ed.), Nursing theories and nursing practice (pp. 263-274). Philadelphia: Davis. Newman, M. A. (2002). Caring in the human health experience. International Journal for Human Caring. 6(2), 8-12. Newman, M. A. (2002). The pattern that connects. Advances in Nursing Science, 24(3), 1-7. Witucki, J. M. (2002). Newmans theory of health as expanding consciousness in nursing practice. In M. R. Alligood A. M. Tomey (Eds.), Nursing theory utilization application (2nd ed., pp. 429-449). St. Louis: Mosby. Newman, M. A. (2003). A world of no boundaries. Advances in Nursing Science, 26(4), 240-245. Endo, E. (2004). Nursing praxis with Margaret Newmans theory of health expanding consciousness. Nursing Science Quarterly, 17(2), 110-115. Health as Expanding Consciousness A website by Margaret Newman. ASSUMPTIONS deal with human life, nursing science, and the process of nursing. Watsons conception of human life is tied to notions that ones soul possesses a body that is not confined by objective space and time. The lived world of the experiencing person is not distinguished by external and internal notions of time and space, but shapes its own time and space, which is unconstrained by linearity. Nursing is a human science of persons and human health-illness experiences that are mediated by professional, personal, scientific, esthetic, and ethical human care transactions. The process of nursing is human care. THE THEORY OF HUMAN CARING The main concept of the theory is TRANSPERSONAL HUMAN CARING, which is best understood within the concepts of three ancillary concepts: LIFE, ILLNESS, and HEALTH. HUMAN LIFE is defined as spiritual-mental-physical being-in-the-world, which is continuous in time and space. ILLNESS is not necessarily disease. Illness is subjective turmoil or disharmony with a persons inner self or soul at some level or disharmony within the spheres of the person, either consciously or unconsciously. HEALTH refers to unity and harmony within the mind, body, and soul. TRANSPERSONAL HUMAN CARING and caring transactions are those scientific, professional, ethical, yet esthetic, creative and personalized giving-receiving behaviors and responses between nurse and patient that allow for contact between the subjective world of the experiencing persons through physical, mental, or spiritual routes or some combination thereof. THE GOAL OF NURSING is to help persons gain a higher degree of harmony within the mind, body, and soul which generates self-knowledge, self-reverence, self-healing, and self-care processes while increasing diversity. Nursing interventions or CARATIVE FACTORS are: Humanistic-altruistic system of values Faith-hope Sensitivity to self and others Helping-trusting, human care relationship Expressing positive and negative feelings Creative problem-solving caring process Transpersonal teaching-learning Supportive, protective, and/or corrective mental, physical, societal, and spiritual environment Human needs assistance Existential-phenomenological-spiritual forces Return to Top This page was last modified on 6/1/02

Myth of the Hacker :: Hacker Hacking Computer Technology Internet

Myth of the Hacker The 1960s hacker, a term that was originally a referent to a good person with computer wizardry, has come full circle into the 1990s. Through media representations and the formation of hacker icons, modern hackers are mythologized as the good hacker. The original hackers of MIT belonged to a group of privileged individuals; they operated during a time when computers were not a household item. Hacking, for this generation, began as an intellectual pursuit as well as a way to pull elaborate pranks. The progression of hacking was limited because computer networking had not been completely implemented into society. In the 1980s, hackers reidentified and renamed themselves rebels; computer bandits who worked to infiltrate the network. With the advent of 80s hacking, cult icons were created in this seemingly underground group of renegades. Such names as Condor and Pengo became worldwide gurus to aspiring hackers. Such icons have also found their way into mainstream media, namely television and film. The very popular film War Games (1983) became a beacon for many modern day hackers; it considered the inventiveness and connectedness of humans and computers, but also went as far as to show how unsecure the government could be. In War Games it is youth that devours computer knowledge and obtains infiltrating power. This new generation of hackers, who seek to know that which is hidden, is portrayed as a boy. The limits become unbounded; it is not just those who are taught at MIT who can hack. What of those who continue to seek access? The 1990s saw a great consumer demand for hacker narratives. Television shows such as The X-Files position hackers fighting against a well-informed government. The X-Files perpetuates the media myth that hackers are a subculture. These are intelligent men who are outcasts of mainstream society. They form an underground culture hidden from view, continuously weary of government plots. The X-Files series also plays up the role of the hacker as humanitarian. They work to find the truth buried in the network by the government. This role of hacker as humanitarian searching for truth becomes a recurring theme in other films. The 1992 film Sneakers is one example of this hacker narrative. The lead role, played by Robert Redford, has a history as a student when his hacking lands his friend in jail and himself into a new life where he has to change his name. He starts a business which hires itself out and attempts to infiltrate/hack security systems of its client(s). Myth of the Hacker :: Hacker Hacking Computer Technology Internet Myth of the Hacker The 1960s hacker, a term that was originally a referent to a good person with computer wizardry, has come full circle into the 1990s. Through media representations and the formation of hacker icons, modern hackers are mythologized as the good hacker. The original hackers of MIT belonged to a group of privileged individuals; they operated during a time when computers were not a household item. Hacking, for this generation, began as an intellectual pursuit as well as a way to pull elaborate pranks. The progression of hacking was limited because computer networking had not been completely implemented into society. In the 1980s, hackers reidentified and renamed themselves rebels; computer bandits who worked to infiltrate the network. With the advent of 80s hacking, cult icons were created in this seemingly underground group of renegades. Such names as Condor and Pengo became worldwide gurus to aspiring hackers. Such icons have also found their way into mainstream media, namely television and film. The very popular film War Games (1983) became a beacon for many modern day hackers; it considered the inventiveness and connectedness of humans and computers, but also went as far as to show how unsecure the government could be. In War Games it is youth that devours computer knowledge and obtains infiltrating power. This new generation of hackers, who seek to know that which is hidden, is portrayed as a boy. The limits become unbounded; it is not just those who are taught at MIT who can hack. What of those who continue to seek access? The 1990s saw a great consumer demand for hacker narratives. Television shows such as The X-Files position hackers fighting against a well-informed government. The X-Files perpetuates the media myth that hackers are a subculture. These are intelligent men who are outcasts of mainstream society. They form an underground culture hidden from view, continuously weary of government plots. The X-Files series also plays up the role of the hacker as humanitarian. They work to find the truth buried in the network by the government. This role of hacker as humanitarian searching for truth becomes a recurring theme in other films. The 1992 film Sneakers is one example of this hacker narrative. The lead role, played by Robert Redford, has a history as a student when his hacking lands his friend in jail and himself into a new life where he has to change his name. He starts a business which hires itself out and attempts to infiltrate/hack security systems of its client(s).

Response to the Right Stuff Essay

David Suzuki in his essay â€Å"The Right Stuff† stresses the importance of sex education and human biology, in the course of science, in high schools. He urges that in high schools sex education should be taught first than any other subject. Suzuki argues that the impressions made in high school are very deep and are unforgotten than any other stage of life, so in this age, whatever they will learn, will always remember and will be very beneficial throughout their life. So, he urges the need of educating human sexuality in high school. Although Suzuki’s idea of teaching sex education in high school is interesting, the argument he makes is less than convincing. Suzuki’s main purpose for writing essay is reflecting the importance of sex education in high schools. He wants that science education in high schools should be taught practically and in more interesting way. He argues that the students in high school are enough mature to understand about sex education, an d the lessons they learn at high schools will be helpful for their whole life and they will always remember those lessons. He says that all students do not choose science course at university level, so sex education needs to be taught in high schools. He informs that the students are interested and pay more attention towards the topics of human biology, drugs, and sex, so in science class sex education should be taught first. Suzuki in his essay uses the information from his personal knowledge and from his science background. He sees everything in a scientific way because of a science background, and suggests teachers that first they go through practically from every subject in science before teaching to students. He also wants in high schools, sex education should be plan around human biology. The major part of the essay covered his personal narration, which is his visit to a small town to judge a science fair. Suzuki also uses some information in his essay, from the book â€Å"Is There Life After High School?† that he read and some given by a high school teacher of a small town about the interes t of students towards sex, drugs and cars. The consequences of Suzuki’s reasoning are that some of the parents and religious persons maybe on the other side because maybe they do not want that their children know about sex education, that is why, they may be disagree. On the other side, if students get all the information regarding sex in their early age at high school, they might be grow too quickly, and probably get into sexual activities in their young age. In some of the religions, sex education is not allowed in high schools, if it kept compulsory in schools, so maybe some religions will oppose it. And also students may not pay much attention to other subjects, or they start watching erotic films, so that will affect their life. In his essay, Suzuki does not provide strong evidences to support his idea. He first describes the life of students in high school and the changes occur in that period, then he suddenly shifts to his personal experience in a small northern town with 400 high school students. But his main points are not properly argued. Suzuki wants sex education to be taught in high school, but he didn’t think about the bad impact of that education on students. Some students will probably do a lot of bad things, which they don’t need to do, if they will get the knowledge about sex in their teenage. So, his main point is not convincing.

Women s Voices Feminist Visions - 1855 Words

Will Rogers the famous Vaudeville performer once stated, â€Å"We will never have true civilization until we have learned to recognize the rights of others†. Rogers’ statement is a very intelligent one; equal rights for all people is the next big step for humanity. Susan Shaw states in her book Women’s Voices Feminist Visions, â€Å"Feminism, of course, affirms and works to maintain difference; it merely asks that these differences be valued equally†. Feminism seeks to create equality amongst men and women, this means all women regardless of race, ethnicity, class, or sexuality deserve equal rights. Therefore, LGBT, race, ethnicity, transgender, and reproductive rights are issues of concern to women’s rights activists. Despite the post-feminist myth that equality has been reached, there are still multiple contemporary issues which deserve feminist attention. Violence against women, economic inequality, and social construction of gender, the b ody, and sexuality are all issues present in modern society which are of concern to women’s rights activists. Although it takes time, progress is being made toward total equality thanks to education and activist groups which raise awareness about inequality in the United States as well as around the world. Feminism is an ideology which aims to create a world without inequality, specifically gender inequality. Therefore, absolute equality is the central issue for contemporary feminist advocates. Gender violence is a major issue present inShow MoreRelatedThe Internet Is Not The Best Place For A Woman Essay1310 Words   |  6 Pagesmovement even more. Weeding through this junk is tough. Not to mention depressing. Hence, here are 10 feminist sites to get you started. 1. FEMINIST.COM Feminist.com had humble beginnings in 1995 from a few women talking around a kitchen table in New York City. 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Impact Of Globalization On The Development Of A City Essay

Globalisation is defined as ‘a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies and governments of different nations, a process driven by international trade and investment and aided by information technology.’ (The Levin Institue - The State University of New York, 2015) The evolution of a city is a major result of experiencing globalisation. Evolution is ‘a slow process of change from one form or level to a better or higher one, or that brings into being a superior or new order’. (BusinessDictonary, 2016) Innovation of new technology is a very crucial impetus to the development and evolution of a city along with globalisation. Both globalisation and technology have significant influence on the development of a city in the three dimensions, which brings challenges for both policymakers and planners when planning the city correspondingly. In the following paragraphs, I am going to address my points of view about the impacts and challenges of globalisation on the evolution of a city. To begin with, globalisation was suggested as the ‘spatio-temporal processes of change which underpin a transformation in the organisation of human affairs by linking together and expanding human activity across regions and continents’ (Held, et al., 1999) It suggests that migration has been encouraged between cities not only by the economic globalisation but also by the pull and push factors of the cities. The pull factors may be better quality of life, more employmentShow MoreRelatedThe Economic And Social Effects Of Globalization On Jamaica1140 Words   |  5 Pagesthe economic and social effects of globalization on Jamaica. The movie mainly describes the affects of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank’s structural adjustment programs. 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The Problem Of Housing And Urban Development - 1544 Words

According to the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, any night of the year finds more than 600,000 without shelter, while â€Å"3.5 million experience homelessness each year.† There are many factors that contribute to homelessness in America, but overwhelmingly, it is the economic factor which is largely responsible for the continuing rise in our homeless population. Quite simply, there is a shortage of affordable housing in our nation and the housing that is available requires the poor to spend the better part of half of their income on rent alone. This leaves almost nothing leftover to cover basic needs; making putting something away for a rainy day out of the question. Clearly, the cost of housing cannot be met with a minimum†¦show more content†¦The homeless are easily ignored, it is fairly simple to turn a blind eye and deaf ears to such a society. Their needs go unheeded by those of us who could afford to part with some of that which we seemingly c ovet so deeply, until gradually the notion of providing for these unfortunates escapes us altogether. How dare they blight our landscape and draw attention to our neglect. Who are they to paint a picture of hypocrisy by choosing such a life in this land of plenty? How many of us have passed unseeing, the hunched-over or prone bodies of the sleeping homeless in parks, on sidewalks, in alleys, or doorways with nary a thought as to their identities or well-being? After all, some tell themselves, the homeless don’t want to work like the rest of us, they are drug addicts, alcoholics, dangerous ex-cons, or wily con artists looking for an easy dollar. They brought this on themselves, right? â€Å"Not true,† says the National Student Campaign Against Hunger and Homelessness, they come from â€Å"all walks of life,† and none chose to be homeless. The organization’s statistics find that, â€Å"35% are families with children, 23% are U.S. military veterans, 25% are children under 18 years of age, 30% are victims of domestic violence, and another 20-25% suffer from mental illness.† Homelessness can happen to any one, it can affect anyone’s friends or relatives, homelessness finds members to add to its communities throughout America annually, even

El Salvador Essay Research Paper HISTORYThe Olmec free essay sample

El Salvador Essay, Research Paper History The Olmec Boulder, a rock sculpture of a elephantine caput found near Chalchuapa in western El Salvador, is grounds of Olmec presence in the part from at least 2000 BC. The step-pyramid ruins at Tazumal and San Andres show that the Maya besides lived in western El Salvador for over 1000 old ages. Groups that inhabited the eastern portion of the state included the Chorti, Lenca and Pok. When the Spanish arrived in the sixteenth century, the state was dominated by the Pipil, posterities of Nahuatl-speaking Toltecs and Aztecs, both Mexican folks. The Pipil likely came to cardinal El Salvador in the eleventh century merely after the Maya dynasty collapsed. Their civilization was similar to that of the Aztecs, with heavy Maya influences and a maize-based agricultural economic system that supported several metropoliss and a complex civilization including hieroglyphic authorship, uranology and mathematics. Spains claim was staked by the conquistador Pedro de Alvarado, who arrived in the country in 1525. The Spanish developed plantations of cotton, balsam and anil. Throughout the 1700s agribusiness boomed, but a group of 14 elite European households maintained control of most of the land, which was farmed by enslaved autochthonal people or slaves imported from Africa. Father Jose Matias Delgado organized a rebellion against Spain in 1811, but it was rapidly suppressed. Napoleons invasion of Spain the undermentioned twelvemonth increased the drift for reform, and El Salvador finally gained independency in 1821. This did non change the kineticss of land ownership, an issue at the nucleus of an unsuccessful Indian rebellion in 1833, led by Anastasio Aquino. In 1841, following the disintegration of the Cardinal American Federation ( formed between El Salvador, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua), El Salvador became a autonomous independent state. In the 2nd half of the nineteenth century, man-made dyes undermined the anil market, and java took chief phase in the economic system. By the twentieth century, 95 % of El Salvadors income came from java exports, but merely 2 % of the population controlled that wealth. Intermittent attempts by the hapless bulk to right El Salvadors societal and economic unfairnesss were met with terrible repression. The first popular motion for alteration followed on the heels of the stock-market clang of 1929 and the subsequent plummeting of java monetary values. In January 1932, Augustin Farabundo Marti, a laminitis of the Cardinal American Socialist party, led an rebellion of provincials and Indians. The military responded by consistently killing anyone who looked Indian or who supported the rebellion. In all, 30,000 people were killed. Marti was arrested and executed by firing squad ; his name is preserved in the FMLN ( Frente Marti Liberacion Nacional ) . By the sixtiess El Salvadors neglecting economic system and terrible overpopulation drove 100s of 1000s of Salvadorans to traverse illicitly into Honduras seeking work. In 1969, allegations of Honduran mistreatment of Salvadoran immigrants were raised merely as a World Cup association football lucifer between the two states was being played. National competitions and passions escalated to a pathetic degree that resulted in El Salvador occupying Honduran district and bombing its airdromes. The struggle lasted less than 100 hours, but dealingss between the two neighbours were hostile for over a decennary. During the 1970s the population suffered from increased landlessness, poorness, unemployment and overpopulation. Political parties became polarized and fought for power mostly through putschs and electoral fraud. In 1972, the military arrested and exiled the elected president and installed their ain campaigner in power. Guerrilla activity increased, and the authorities responded by unleashing # 8216 ; decease squads who murdered, tortured or kidnapped 1000s of Salvadorans. In 1979, a junta of military and civilians overthrew the president and promised reforms. When these reforms were non met, resistance parties banded together under the party name Federacion Democratico Revolucionario, of which the FMLN was the largest group. The successful revolution in Nicaragua in 1979 encouraged many Salvadorians to believe that armed battle was the lone manner to procure reforms. When popular archbishop Oscar Romero was assassinated stating mass in 1980, his decease sparked an armed rebellion. FMLN guerillas gained control of countries in the North and E of El Salvador and blew up Bridgess, destroyed power lines and burned java plantations in a command to smother the states economic system. The Reagan Administration, unnerved by the success of Nicaraguas socialist revolution, donated immense sums of money to the Salvadoran authorities, and the military retaliated by decimating small towns, doing 300,000 citizens to fly the state. In 1982, the utmost right ARENA party took power and decease squads began aiming trade union members and agricultural reformists. In April 1990, United Nations-mediated dialogues began between the authorities and the FMLN, and eventually, on 16 January 1992, a via media was signed and a ceasefire took consequence. The FMLN became an resistance party, and the authorities agreed to assorted reforms, including leveling the decease squads and replacing them with a national civil constabulary force. Land was to be distributed to citizens and human rights misdemeanors to be investigated. During the class of the 12-year war, an estimated 75,000 people were killed, and the US authorities donated a astonishing US $ 6 billion to the Salvadoran authorities war attempt, despite cognition of atrociousnesss carried out by the military. In March 1994, ARENA member Calderon Sol was voted president, amid allegations of electoral fraud. While some of the reforms outlined in the peace agreements have been implemented ( most notably the land-transfer plan ) , many Salvadorans consider the current state of affairs to be no better now than it was before the civil war. Unemployment, poorness, disgruntled ex-combatants and a proliferation of guns in the state have led to high homicide rates # 8211 ; merely one of the grounds why about 20 % of Salvadorans now live abroad. In March 1997, the FMLN won elections in the metropoliss of six of the 14 sections; it now governs a greater per centum of the population than ARENA. Presidential elections are scheduled for 1999. Culture El Salvador is preponderantly a Roman Catholic state. During the war the authorities assumed that the Catholic Church supported communism because it sympathized with the hapless, and it targeted the Church for force. Many fled the faith either because they feared for their lives or because they were unhappy with the Church # 8217 ; s association with the resistance. Protestantism, particularly Evangelism, offered a welcome option. Other churches include the Baptist and Pentecostal. Spanish is the national linguistic communication. Many work forces, chiefly between the ages of 20 and 40, learned some English in the US during the war. Autochthonal linguistic communications have died out in day-to-day usage, but there is some academic involvement in continuing the Nahua linguistic communication of the Pipils. Most of the music on Salvadoran wireless is standard dad menu from the US, Mexico or other parts of Latin America, but at that places a little resistance motion of cancion popular ( folk music ) , which draws its inspiration from current events in El Salvador. Poetry is popular, and well-known authors include Manlio Argueta and Francisco Rodriguez. The small town of La Palma has become celebrated for a school of art started by Fernando Llort. His childlike, about cartoony, images of mountain small towns, campesinos and Christ are painted in bright colourss on objects runing from seeds to church walls. The town of Ilobasco is known for its ceramics, while San Sebastian is recognized for its fabric humanistic disciplines. El Salvadorans chow down on a standard day-to-day menu of casamiento, a mixture of rice and beans. Another pillar is pupusas, a cornmeal mass stuffed with husbandmans cheese, refried beans or chicharron ( fried porc fat ) . Licuados ( fruit drinks ) , java and gaseosas ( soft drinks ) are omnipresent. Tic-Tack and Torito are vodka-like liquors made from sugar cane and are non for those who cherish their tummy liner.